Stairwell Pressurization - Open Door Studies

Reading Time: 8 minutes
Created with software version: 2024-2

1. Overview

This is the second tutorial in our Stairwell Pressurization series intended for Fire Protection Engineers who wish to perform Stairwell Pressurization analysis with Ventus as part of their Smoke Control projects. Continuing from the Closed Door Studies tutorial, this tutorial will demonstrate the Open Door case. You will learn how to apply our open door modeling methodology to the stairwell model, perform a transient analysis, and analyze the results of the pressurization study.

2. Before Starting

Before beginning this tutorial:

3. Introduction

In the previous tutorial, we covered the modeling of a Closed Door Pressurization scenario for our stairwell model. This tutorial will cover the Open Door Pressurization case. As a reminder, here are the design criteria we will be designing to:

Table 1. Design Criteria
Design Criteria
Stairwell Doors Closed
Differential Pressure at Doorways25-50 Pa
Maximum Applied Force at Doorways100 N
Stairwell Door Open at Fire Event Floor
Minimum Flow Rate at Open Doorway1 m/s
Maximum time to achieve flow5 s

In this scenario, we are interested in the latter requirements - achieving a \(1 \frac{m}{s}\) Flow Rate at an open door in the stairwell within 5 s of the door opening.

4. The Open Door Study

We will start this tutorial using the final state of the model from the Closed Door study. This is the closed-door-study-4750.vnts model that you downloaded above. We will modify the model to evaluate the Open door scenario. To do this, we will need new Flow Elements in our model. We will need to add:

Table 2. New Flow Elements
Flow ElementUse
Open DoorModeling an open door in the Stairwell
Open WindowModeling an open or shattered window on the Fire Event floor

Once added, we will need to add additional Flow Paths to utilize these Elements, then re-run our study and make any necessary adjustments to the pressurization system.

4.1. Adding New Flow Elements

To add the new Flow Elements to the model:

  1. Use the Model  Edit Flow Elements action to open the Edit Flow Elements dialog.
  2. Click New…​.
  3. In the New Flow Element dialog, enter the name Door-Open and select the Orifice Area Model.
  4. Click OK to create the Flow Element.
  5. In the Edit Flow Elements dialog for the Door-Open element, enter a Cross-Sectional Area of \(1.85 m^2\).
  6. Click Apply to apply the changes to the flow element.
  7. Repeat the process to create another flow element named Window, with the same Orifice Area model, and a Cross-Sectional Area of \(0.8 m^2\).
  8. Click OK to close the Edit Flow Elements dialog.
Adding new Flow Elements to the model
Figure 1. Adding new Flow Elements to the model

Now that we have the Flow Elements created, we need to create new Flow Paths on the event level to use them.

4.2. Create Flow Paths

Our Open Door scenario assumes that Level 12.0 m is the fire event floor. TO model the fire scenario on this floor, we will modify the existing stairwell door Flow Paths on that level using our new Door-Open Flow Element and the modeling method described in our Modeling Door States tutorial to model a door opening at 30s and closing at 300s. We will also add a Flow Path to each room that uses our new Window Flow Element.

The Door-Open Flow Paths will represent doors that are opened on the event floor for evacuations and firefighting actions, and the Window Flow Paths will represent windows that are either shattered due to heat, or opened for ventilation purposes.

First, we will add two Flow Paths to represent the windows. To do this:

  1. Right click Level 12.0 m in the navigation view and click Set as Active Level.
  2. Click the path ui icon view 2d top icon to switch to the Top View.
  3. Double-click the vnts ui icon flow path 2point icon to select the Two Point Flow Path tool in pinned mode.
  4. In the Tool Properties ribbon, select the Window Flow Element in the Element field.
  5. Draw two lines across the outer walls of each Unit in the model to add the two new Flow Paths.
Adding new Flow Paths with the `Window` element
Figure 2. Adding new Flow Paths with the Window element

Now we will use the Modeling Door States method to model our open door. The first step is to create our Door-Open Flow Path. To do this:

  1. Click the vnts ui icon flow path 2point icon to select the Two Point Flow Path tool.
  2. In the Properties Ribbon, switch the Element field to use the Door-Open flow element.
  3. Draw a Flow Path on top of the existing D2_1_3 Flow Path (the red Flow Path connecting the stairwell to the right Zone).
  4. In the Properties Ribbon for the Flow Path you just created, enter the name D2_1_3_Open in the Name field.
Adding the new Flow Path with the `Door-Open` element
Figure 3. Adding the new Flow Path with the Door-Open element
  1. Additionally, select the other Door Flow Path on the Event Level (flowpath26_1_3) and select the Door-Open Flow Element in teh Element dropdown. This will model an additional open interior door on the event level.

We now have all of our Flow Paths created. The final step of configuring our Flow Paths is to edit the Multiplier schedules so that the we can model the door being closed initially, opening at 30s, then closing again at 300s. To do this:

  1. Select the D2_1_3 Flow Path in the Navigation Tree.
  2. In the Properties Ribbon, enter the name D2_1_3_Closed in the Name field.
  3. In the Properties Ribbon, select the Schedule option in the Multiplier dropdown.
  4. Click the hyperlink next to the Multiplier dropdown to open the Edit Multiplier dialog.
  5. Enter the information from the following table in the dialog.
Table 3. Multiplier Schedule for the D2_1_3_Closed Flow Path
D2_1_3_Closed
Initial State
1.0
Mutiplier Schedule
Time (s)Multiplier
30.00.0
300.01.0
  1. Click OK to apply the changes.
Editing the Multiplier Schedule for the `D2_1_3_Closed` Flow Path
Figure 4. Editing the Multiplier Schedule for the D2_1_3_Closed Flow Path

We have now modeled the closed state of our door. For more information on how this Multiplier Schedule models the door state, see the Modeling Door States tutorial. The final step is to model the open state of the door. To do this, repeat steps 3-6 above, modifying the D2_1_3_Open Flow Path using the information in the table below.

Table 4. Multiplier Schedule for the D2_1_3_Open Flow Path
D2_1_3_Open
Initial State
0.0
Mutiplier Schedule
Time (s)Multiplier
30.01.0
300.00.0

Our model is now configured to model our open door scenario. The last step before we can run our model is to set up our Simulation Parameters to run our simulation in Transient mode.

4.3. Editing Simulation Parameters to run in Transient mode

To configure our simulation settings to run in Transient mode:

  1. Use the Analysis  Simulation Parameters action to open the Simulation Parameters dialog.
  2. In the Time tab, select the Transient option in the Airflow Simulation Method dropdown.
  3. In the Simulator tab, check the box next to Vary density during time step.
  4. Click OK to apply the changes.
Editing the Simulation Parameters
Figure 5. Editing the Simulation Parameters

We are now ready to run the simulation.

4.4. Running the Simulation

To run the study:

  1. Click the Run icon pyro ui icon run. The simulation should take only a few seconds.
  2. When the simulation is complete, click OK in the Run Simulation dialog.

4.5. Analyzing Results

Unlike the Closed Door study, this is a Transient simulation, meaning that the differential pressures and flows of our Flow Paths change over time. To analyze the results of our simulation, we will need to use the Results Timeline. To begin our analysis:

  1. Click Path Data to open the Path Data Panel.
  2. Enter D2 in the Filter field to filter down to our stairwell door Flow Paths.
  3. Enter 30s in the Results Timeline timestep field to begin our analysis to when our door should open.
  4. Click the results ui icon play icon to begin playback of our results.
  5. Pause playback at 35s when, according to our standards, our flow needs to have stabilized at \(>1 \frac{m}{s}\).
Playback of the Results from `30s` to `35s`
Figure 6. Playback of the Results from 30s to 35s

As can be seen in Figure 6, the 3D flow vectors and the Path Data table update in real time based on the results data. Prior to 30s, all of the flow at our event door is moving through D2_1_3_Closed. After 30s, the flow switched to D2_1_3_Open. Let us now examine the results at 35s.

Path Data for the simulation at `35.0s`
Figure 7. Path Data for the simulation at 35.0s

As can be seen in Figure 7, the differential pressures of our closed shaft doors drop well below our design criteria because we opened the doors and windows on the fire event level. However, the flow across the open door boundary, shown by the Flow0 column for the D2_1_3_Open Flow Path, increases significantly. To convert this Mass Flow value to a velocity at the boundary, we will assume the standard density of air at sea level to be \(1.225 \frac{kg}{m^3}\) and use the following equation:

\(\frac{flow \frac{kg}{s}}{1.225 \frac{kg}{m^3} * 1.85 m^2} = velocity \frac{m}{s}\)

Plugging in our flow value:

\(\frac{2.282573 \frac{kg}{s}}{1.225 \frac{kg}{m^3} * 1.85 m^2} = 1.007 \frac{m}{s}\)

As can be seen, this flow velocity meets our design criteria requirement of \(1 \frac{m}{s}\).

We can also analyze our Flow Path data using the 2D plotting utility available in Ventus. To do this:

  1. Click the dropdown next to the pyro ui icon plots icon and select Plot Primary Flows.
  2. Deselect any selected Flow Paths.
  3. In the filter field, enter D2 to find our Flow Paths.
  4. Select the D2_1_3_Closed and D2_1_3_Open Flow Paths to plot the flows for the Flow Paths.
Plotting Primary Flows for our door Flow Paths
Figure 8. Plotting Primary Flows for our door Flow Paths
Plot of the Primary Flows for our door Flow Paths
Figure 9. Plot of the Primary Flows for our door Flow Paths

As can be seen from Figure 9, The flow through D2_1_3_Open increases at 30s and quickly levels off, before dropping again at 300s. Inversely, the flow through D2_1_3_Closed decreases at 30s and stops completely, before increasing again at 300s.

Based on the transient results, we can see that our 4750 scfm fan design satisfies our \(1 \frac{m}{s}\) flow requirement within 5s of the door being opened.

5. Conclusion

You should now be familiar with how to model the open door scenario of a stairwell pressurization study.

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